Outline the key features of cultural criminology Essay

Outline the key features of cultural criminology - Essay Example In other words it can be understood that crime is very much a human act and if we take out the civilization clause from the dictionary of human society and make it equivalent to the savagery, this crime is not exactly something which can be termed inhumane. It's something present in very nature of humans and they technically possess every characteristic of an animal. It is a threat that is comparable to anything that has been faced by the society in past but is actually a very intelligent form of threat that waits for the opportunity to transform its ability into an act of crime under the influence of desire. Hence this phenomenon of crime is basically an action which involves at least two human beings with one being the perpetrator and the other one is the victim. Crime prevention is another part of the solution that has to tackle the social complexity of crime. Though the legal procedures and enforcement agencies are very much present to redress the problem, they have miserably failed to provide something which will have some long term impact. They actually provide security either through prosecution or through prevention. Prosecution leads to arrest and a whole lot of legal procedures including the judgment and imprisonment. Prevention deals with stopping a criminal from committing something heinous. The option of committing a crime is to be closed. Hence the target issue is the creation the hindrance for a criminal through wide spread precautionary measures being implemented through every single home to any of the working place or public place present in the locality. The important point is to shield oneself from being a victim. The crime and its different techniques have to be made understood to each and every person. Right from the begin ning i.e., during childhood, one should be made aware of the prevention procedures and the importance of it has to be made a part of the complete thought process. But still after this much precaution the outcome of these procedures has been found to be very much limited and the crime rate is on its way to rise and rise. The most important thing is to act against the cause that make a criminal rather than reducing the opportunities for him to commit some crime. We have to realize that this criminal has been developed from this society only and the problem is in the social pattern and due to these patterns we have to face certain people who have got out of the normal way of social life and are acting against the group of which it is a very important part. So the new crime prevention should deal with the very cause of creation of a criminal and factors fuelling its growth. Criminology for Crime Prevention The humans have reached to the current age of information after getting a number of destruction and wars. Initially, it had to fight adversities of earth and its surroundings and after the formation of some civilization, it had to fulfill the expectations of the society and associated challenges as well as the responsibilities that came up along with the evolutionary process. The criminal instinct is the outcome of the

ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella interaction with human Literature review

ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella interaction with human urothelial cells - Literature review Example Acute uncomplicated urinary infection occurs when it presents as acute cystitis (Rubin, Shapiro, Andriole, Davis, & Stamm, 1992). Individuals with acute cystitis may also have non-obstructive pyelonephritis. Asymptomatic bacterial infection also occurs, where a urine specimen will show the presence of infective bacteria, but no symptoms of the urinary tract infection are observed. The infection can be recurrent because the source of the infection is harboured within the urinary tract. Complicated urinary tract infections occur in individuals who have abnormalities in the genitourinary tract. In women, increased volume of residual urine, bladder diverticulitis, and cystoceles contribute to the recurrence of UTI. For older males, benign prostate hypertrophy with urethral obstruction, chronic bacterial prostatitis, and turbulent urine flow often lead to urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection has also been found to be a function of genetic predisposition and higher frequency of abnormalities in genitourinary organs (Raz, et al., 2000). UTI is common in the elderly population. Aside from age-related genitourinary abnormalities, the increase in urinary infections in elderly population is attributed to the use of indwelling devices like catheters (Nicolle, 2001). Clinical manifestations of symptomatic UTI are bladder infection, irritation of lower tract including incontinence, dysuria, urgency to urinate, suprapubic pain, and fever (Bentley, Bradley, High, Schoenbaum, Taler, & Yoshikawa, 2000). In patients with indwelling catheters, symptoms could include costovertebral angle tenderness that is more associated with pyelonephritis and fever even when there are no genitourinary symptoms (Orr, et al., 1996). The symptoms are associated with trauma due to insertion of the device or the infection from several microorganisms of the biofilm coating the catheter surface. 1.2. Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative rods that mostly grow well at 37Â °C and are facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative (Health Protection Agency, 2010). They are widely distributed in different habitats, and may be found in animals, plants, soil, and water. Several genera of Enterobacteriaceae are involved in the development of human diseases. Common genera include species of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Morganella morganii, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella and Yersinia (Health Protection Agency, 2010). 1.3. Escherichia coli The most important infective organism in UTI is Escherichia coli, but other Enterobacteriaceae species like Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter also cause UTI. Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii and Morganella morganii, which are urease producers, are also common. Other species identified in patients with UTI are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, group B streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Yeast strains Candida albicans, C. tropica lis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis have also been isolated mostly from patients with indwelling catheters, and diabetes mellitus (Nicolle, Urinary tract pathogens in complicated urinary infecion and in the elderly, 2001). E. coli originating from an individual’s intestinal tract is the most common source of UTI (Russo & Johnson, 2003). In the United States alone, 6-8 million cases of uncomplicated cystitis and almost 130,000 sepsis cases are attributed to community-acquired UTIs due

Environmental Geochemistry of Gold

Environmental Geochemistry of Gold INTRODUCTION Gold is a chemical element with the symbol (Au) and atomic number 79. In its pure state, it is a bright, moderately reddish yellow, dense, soft malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a density of 19,300kg/m3, though native gold typically has a density of 15,00kg/m3 (Marsden et al 2006). Because gold is inert at ambient temperature and pressure, there are very few naturally occurring compounds of the metal. The purity of gold (sometimes referred to as fitness) is expressed in karats. Pure gold is 24 karat (Boyle 1987). Gold is one of the native earth metals that is of very high value in our world today. The current price of gold per Ounce is approximately 1220usd (GFMS, Thomson Reuters, 2016). Gold plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Gold, the noblest of metals, has been used by man for more than 5000 years (Nelson et al, 2014). Its malleability, softness and resistance to tarnish, led to its earliest uses in art and currency. It is the metal choice for jewellery. Some of the countries where gold is mined are South Africa, USA, Canada, China, Australia, Indonesia, Peru, Russia etc. The average concentration of gold in the earths crust is 0.005 g/t, which is much lower than most other metals, for example, copper (50% g/t) and silver (0.07 g/t)(Boyle, R. W.1979). Gold is commonly associated with other metals like iron, lead, zinc, copper and silver. Minerals most associated with gold are pyrite, marcasite and pyrrhotiteetc. Gold is the most noble of metals, and its geochemistry is conditioned principally by this fact Minor concentrations of gold occurs in most natural substances. In seawater, for example, there is approximately 0.012 parts per billion (ppb) of gold, and in fresh water it is slightly higher at 0.02ppb (Boyle, R. W.1979). Its average concentration in the earths crust or lithosphere is approximately 5ppb, and in sedimentary rocks it may have concentrations of up to 2100ppb or 2.1 parts per million (ppm). At these concentrations 20 or 30 tons of rock must be processed to extract a single ounce of precious gold. As a result, gold can only be mined profitably where it is highly concentrated by natural chemical and physical processes. Gold occurs in many different rock types and geological environments and economic deposits are main ly of two types: lode deposits (primary) and placer deposits (secondary)(BGS 2010). Gold is extracted by open cast or underground mining method, which depends on the geological settings of a deposit. Gold in its raw state is displayed in the diagrams below. PROPERTIES OF GOLD      Ã‚   Physical Properties Gold is both ductile and malleable. Ductile meaning it can be drawn into wire forms. Malleable meaning capable of being hammered into thin sheets. Gold is quite soft. It can be scratched by a penny. Its melting point is 1,064. 760C (1,948.570F) and its boiling point is about 2,7000C (4,9000F). Its density is 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter. Gold leaf is translucent and the transmitted light is greenish blue colour gold metal reflects yellow and red, leaving the greenish colour (Boyle R. W. 1979). Chemical Properties Gold is known to be a noble metal. It is chemically inactive. This is because it is highly resistance to react with other elements. The oxidation state of gold ranges from -1 to +5. The +1 and +3 (Au (I) AND Au (III)) are the most common oxidation state of gold. It is resistant to the effect of most acids and therefore does not corrode easily. Apart from acids, gold does not combine directly with oxygen). Gold has one stable isotope, 197 Au. Aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, has the ability to dissolve gold (Young and Derek, 2009). USES OF GOLD Gold has been used to make jewellery and ornamental objects for thousands of years. Gold nuggets found in a stream are easy to work and were probably one of the first metals used by humans. Today most gold that is newly recycled is used in the manufacture of jewellery. About 78% of gold consumed each year is used in the manufacture of jewellery. Special properties of gold make it good suitable for manufacturing of jewellery. These include very high lustre and its yellow colour. Pure gold is known as 24 karat gold. Pure gold is too soft, craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver and platinum increase its durability. Gold is also used for medical purposes, to treat small number of medical conditions. Radioactive gold is used in diagnosis. Gold as an extraordinary ductile and malleable metal, it is still cosmic demand in jewellery, medical applications, because of its unique physical and chemical properties (Spitzer and Rodnei, 2004). According to (Renner et al. 2000), gold and its alloys are used for conductor material and low-voltage contacts for communication and information transfer equipment, where even very thin oxide layers would cause interruptions or failures in signal transfer. Below are the examples of processed gold. EXTRACTION OF GOLD Gold panning, sluicing and mercury processes have been extensively used in placer mining to recover gold from primary sources. The primary sources of gold are alluvial gravel and auriferous quartz. Gold extraction may require comminution, mineral resources, pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical process to be performed on the ore. Mechanical separation, pyro-metallurgical, hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical technologies have been extensively used to recover gold from secondary sources (Fleming, 1992). Mining gold from year to year is always an increase, in which the more developed, ranging from mining system that uses simple system to a more modern processing system. Gold mining was first carried out in alluvial areas. Processing system is also very simple to do that is by panning using a tray, which then developed with gold mining wave table, and followed by gravity separation method using the amalgamation process with the capture of mercury. GOLD PROCESSING After the extraction of gold from its ore, it is further passed through comminution (crushing / milling). This comminution process is divided into stages: Refractory ore processing, crushing and milling. Once the size of the ore is reduced, the process is then performed by separating the mineral concentration process gold from mineral impurities, consisting of several kinds of processing techniques: process gravity concentration, amalgamation process, flotation process, leaching process. From the stage of the process, will then be obtained concentrate processing ores containing various metals. And the concentrate will be processed in order to obtain the value of gold in high purity chemical process. And a few stages of the treatment process through a process: smelting, parting and aqua regia. After the treatment of the processed gold by the above processes, it is finally made into different forms, for example gold bars, jewelries, gold equipment etc. Below is a flow chart showing the processing of gold. GOLD DISCARDING Recent research has proven Gold and other precious metals for example silver, palladium and platinum are discarded mostly through e-waste in our environments today. (Husman, 2004) revealed that in mobile phones, three quarter of the environmental impacts result from gold and palladium content. According to (Husman et al, 2007). Gold accounts for 16% of the total environmental weight of materials contained in waste IT and telecommunication equipment (excluding monitors). UNEP (2005) reported that 20 to 50 million tonnes of small waste electrical and electronic equipment (sWEEE) are generated worldwide every year. Report shows that these discarded metals are being recycled and reused. GOLD WASTE AND POLLUTION As gold is being extracted from mines, gold waste are concentrated in the rock piles, tailings and waste rocks. The waste from gold mines constitutes the largest single source of waste and pollution. As at 1997, South Africa produced an estimated 468 million tons of mineral waste per annum (DWAF, 2001). Gold mining waste was estimated to account for 221 million tons of 47% of mineral waste produced in South Africa, making it the largest, single source of waste and pollution (DWAF, 2001). There are more than 270 tailings in the Witwatersrand Basin, covering approximately covering 400 km in surface area (AngloGold Ashanti, 2004). These dams are mostly unlined and many are not vegetated, providing a source of extensive dust, as well as soil and water (surface and groundwater) pollution (Anglo Gold Ashanti, 2004). Historically impoundment on land was the preferred option for tailings disposal. The environmental implication of this disposal option include contamination of streams and rivers by acid mine drainage (AMD), contamination of streams due to surface run off from the impoundment area, air and water contamination due to wind erosion of dried-out tailings. The exposure of sulphide bearing rock materials to oxygen and water produces Acid mine drainage. Mine waste problems are numerous, but the most difficult problem to handle is the acid mine drainage (AMD) that emanates from both surface and underground workings, waste and development rock, tailing piles and ponds (Durkin and Hermann, 1994). TOXICITY Gold mining has been reported to be a dangerous activity as the heavy metals, mainly Hg, Pb and As are released into the environment. There were studies based on the assessment of the above stated heavy metals and their presence in soil and water in Kenya, South Africa and other parts of Africa. These metals were selected because of their toxicity nature in similar mining environments. According to the United States Agency for Toxic substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 1999) Hg, Pb and As are in the top list of hazardous substances. As and Pb are major metals in gold sulphide deposits, where they occur as minerals mainly in arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and galena (PbS), respectively. Under natural conditions, they are relatively stable. However, gold extraction from its ore breaks down these minerals due to exposure to oxygen and water, thereby making it acidic. Mercury as a pollutant in mining is released during gold processing, when mercury is used to amalgamate gold so as to recover it from its ore. Cadmium is also another toxic metal, occupying position seven in the list of hazardous substances, generally occurring as an isometric trace element in sphalerite. It is estimated that about 1.32kg of Hg is lost for every 1kg of (Au) produced (Harada et al., 1997). As, Pb and Hg are all known as poisonous metals which when taken in by humans causes lots of diseases. GOLD STANDARDS Gold standard is referred to as monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types of gold standard can be distinguished: specie, exchange, and bullion. Most nations abandoned the gold standard as the basis of their monetary systems at some point in the 20th century, although many hold substantial gold reserves. An estimated total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, according to (GFMS Thomson Reuters, 2012). This is roughly equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 9,261 cubic metres (327,000 cu ft), or cube 21 metres (69 ft) on a side. There are also other varying estimates of the total volume of gold mined. DISCUSSION Gold is defined as a chemical element with the symbol (Au) and atomic number 79. In its pure state, it is a bright, moderately reddish yellow, dense, soft malleable and ductile metal. Gold is one of the native earth metals that is of very high value in our world today. The current price of gold per Ounce is approximately 1220usd (GFMS, Thomson Reuters, 2016). It has different properties, which are physical and chemical properties. Physical properties which consist of the malleable and ductile nature of gold, density of gold and also its melting and boiling point. Chemical properties which is its resistance to corrosion and it is chemically inactive. Gold has been reported to be used for the production of jewelries, medals and monetary exchange. Gold can be recovered or extracted from primary source in placer mining by the use of panning, sluicing and mercury or cyanide amalgamation. In secondary sources the use of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and bio-hydrometallurgy has been applied to recover gold from ore. After the extraction of gold from its ore, its passed through crushing and and milling process. This is done so as to reduce the size before conducting other processes, which involves leaching, flotation, gravity concentration and amalgamation to separate the gold concentration from its impurities. And finally through a few stages of the treatment process which involves smelting, parting and aqua regia. The processed gold after the above treatment is then produced into various forms for example jewelries, medals etc. Discarded gold from e-waste and other sources is being recycled into new forms. Generally mine water waste, rock piles and tailings from mining has led to the pollution of our environment today. The most common problem concerned with mining is Acid mine drainage. (AMD), occurs when rock bearing sulphide materials are exposed to oxygen and water. The extraction of gold from its ore also causes the release of toxic substances for example lead, mercury, arsenic etc. These substances, when introduced into our environment and spread through water bodies, it causes adverse effect to humans health. Gold standard is known to be a monetary system, in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types have been distinguished: specie, bullion and exchange. CONCLUSION Research has shown that gold is chemically inactive, which is because of its high resistance to react with other metals. It is proven that in its natural state, it occurs with other metals and minerals. The extraction of gold from its ore causes the exposure of this minerals and heavy metals in our environment. Heavy metals e.g. Lead (Pb), Arsenic (AS), Mercury (Hg). And sulphide minerals which are mostly common with ores, when exposed to oxygen and water produces Acid mine drainage (AMD). Mercury is introduced by humans in the extraction of gold to amalgamate with gold making it easier to recover from ore. These heavy metals are toxic substances, which when released into water bodies in our environment cause severe hazard to humans. REFERENCES 50.6 EXTRACTION OF GOLD AngloGold Ashanti ( 2004). Case studies. Woodlands Project- good progress being made with phytoremedation project. Environment- AngloGold Report to society. Department of Water and Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). (2001). Waste generation in South Africa. Water Quality Management Series. Pretoria. Boyle, R. W. (1987). Gold: History and Genesis of deposits. Canada Geol. Survey Bull 280. Durkin, TV and Hermann, JG. (1994). Focussing on the problems of Mining waste: an introduction to Acid Mine Drainage. EPA Seminar publication no. EPA/625/R-95/007. Managing environmental problems at inactive and Abandoned metal mine sites. Harada, M. (1997). Neurotoxicity of methylmercury: Minamata and the Amazon. Mineral and metal neurotoxicology, 177-188. Marsden, J., House, I. (2006). The chemistry of gold extraction. SME. Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL(Citing a website) Boyle, R. W. (1979). The geochemistry of gold and its deposits (together with a chapter on geochemical prospecting for the element) (No. 280). Unipub. Rapson, W. S. (1992). Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 17(3), 203-212. Eugene, W. W. L., Mujumdar, A. S. (2009). Gold Extraction and Recovery Processes. Minerals, Metals, and Materials Technology Centre, National University of Singapore. Delgado, C., Artim, E., Szezak, J., Stevels, A. (2007). Review of Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). UNU, Bonn. Nelson, A. (2014). Michael Hamburger, John Rupp G188 16 June 2014 Gold in the West. Park, Y. J., Fray, D. J. (2009). Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2), 1152-1158. UNEP, E. (2005). waste, the hidden side of IT equipments manufacturing and use E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipments manufacturing and use, Environment Alert Bulletin. Renner, H., Schlamp, G., Hollmann, D., Là ¼schow, H. M., Tews, P., Rothaut, J., Drieselmann, R. (2000). Gold, gold alloys, and gold compounds. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Reuters, T. (2012). Gold Survey 2012. April 2012. London: Thomson Reuters GFMS. Spitzer, M., Bertazzoli, R. (2004). Selective electrochemical recovery of gold and silver from cyanide aqueous effluents using titanium and vitreous carbon cathodes. Hydrometallurgy, 74(3), 233-242. Schultz, J., El-Kretsen, A. B., Huisman, J. (2004). QWERTY and Eco-Efficiency analysis on cellular phone treatment in Sweden. http://www.miningeducation.com/2011/12/processing-flow-chart-of-gold.html http://www.vosizneias.com/211793/2015/08/09/colorado-gold-mine-toxic-wastewater-spill-triples-in-volume-to-3-million-gallons/ http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/rivers-of-gold-in-our-recycling-bins/2007/04/15/1176575687671.html Figure 5. Simplified gold processing flow chart (after Processing flow chart of gold, 2011)

L.a. confidential :: essays research papers

Commonly, when we make value judgements about people we speak as if there were a single norm towards which everyone ought to be growing. They're supposed to succeed in becoming perfect specimens. You can tell whether they do by seeing how well they perform according to a checklist of desired features. We also speak as if people have an outside and an inside, and that on the inside, they're really either good or bad. It's hard to analyze Ellroy's characters in these terms. For Bud White we'd have to say that he was warped by his early trauma. What his father did to him made him a brute, yet he still has enough inner decency to try to prevent women from being abused. Or—Wait a minute!—is it the opposite? Maybe, he's a brute by nature and it's only thanks to the terrible thing that happened to his mother that he has some morality. Neither of these explanations seems to satisfy, because the framework on which they are constructed is inadequate. Bud doesn't seem to fit into a dichotomy of outside versus inside. Also, the things that make him bad seem more or less identical to the things that make him good: his hatred of violence towards women, his blind persistence. Bud White doesn't seem to have had any chance at perfection. So, what can he do then, assuming he wants to make a decent adult out of himself? Maybe Bud has to start out from where he is and we have to interpret his current actions against that background instead of comparing them to an abstract, one-size-fits-all standard. L.A. Confidential is about three men and a woman who find themselves in medias res. They don't get any single chance to decide forever what they'll be. They're already on the wrong side. They don't seem to be able to separate out their imperfections from their perfections, so their job seems to be to take all of what they've got, including their neuroses and the ghosts from their past, and to use it as raw material to continuously reconstruct themselves. They can't make themselves perfect: the moving finger has already written and moved on. The things that they go through, terrible as they are, do give them a chance to make themselves better.

Rafael Nadal

Drew Parker Mrs. Edwards 15, October, 2012 Spch 102 Rafael Nadal Introduction: A. ) Known by many as â€Å"Rafa†, Rafael Nadal is one of the top-ranked tennis players in the world today. B. ) He has a combined record of 120-43, and doesn’t seem to have any weaknesses and is compared to tennis legends like Andre Agassi and Bjorn Borg. C. ) His childhood, and his achievements this far has made him who he is today, and as stated on Forbes. com, â€Å"Nadal is the number 16 highest paid athlete with endorsements worth 25 million dollars. † Transition: Let’s start with his roots. Body: Main point 1 –Nadal was born in Majorca, Spain on June 3rd, 1986. He began playing tennis and soccer at the age of 3, being coached both by his Uncle Toni. According to The New York Times, â€Å"there was a lot more soccer than tennis in Nadal’s childhood. â€Å" His Uncle Toni was a top soccer player for Spain’s F. C Barcelona, and with his experience he t rained Rafa to be a great soccer player as well as tennis star. At the age of 11 he decided to quit soccer and totally focus on tennis. He is naturally right handed, but his Uncle Toni forced him to play with his left hand because you can generate more spin that way.By playing left handed it gives Nadal a supreme advantage during his serve. When people serve right handed the ball bounces away from the player, and when people serve left handed the ball spins right into the opponents’ midsection. With majority of the tennis stars being right handed, it makes things very difficult for an opponent of Nadals’ while returning serves. At the age of 15, Rafael was one of the highest ranked juniors in the world, and he jumped into the pro’s becoming one of the youngest players ever to win an ATP tour match. He achieved this when beating Ramon Delgado in Majorca 2002.This made him one 1 out of only 9 players to ever win an ATP match before the age of 16. Transition: All o f his accomplishments at an early age is a precursor for what’s to come. Main point 2 – Nadal has won many tournaments and many awards throughout his career. In 2003 at the age of 16 he was the youngest player ever to be ranked in the ATP’s top 100. In the same year he won the ATP Newcomer of the Year award. He was also the youngest player ever to make it to a third round in a Grand Slam at Wimbledon at the age of 16. In 2005, at the age of 19 Nadal had one of the best accomplishments of his career at that point. Atptour. om states, â€Å" Nadal was the first teenager to win a Grand Slam since Pete Sampras in 1990. † He won the French Open that year and had a combined 25 match-winning streak at the end of the year. Tom Oldfield stated in his book Rafael Nadal: The Biography, â€Å" Nadal had been known as a clay court specialist since playing in his first tournaments in 2001. † So it wasn’t a surprise that he would win the French Open. Nadal has won 71 total singles titles, and 11 doubles titles totaling in 82 career tournament wins. Sports Illustrated has Nadal down for winning 11 grand slams to this day, which ties him for 4th on the all time list.He is behind all-time greats like Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer. He is tied with another German great Bjorn Borg He has won 7 French Opens, 1 U. S. open, 1 Australian Open, and 2 Wimbledon Opens. He also won the Olympic gold in 2008 making him one of the most well rounded players in the game. He is only 23 years old at this point, and has done much more than other tennis players do in their whole career. No one may come close to matching the number of Grand Slams he could end up winning. Transition: All of these achievements could lead to nothing more than some serious cash flow. Main point 3-Rafa is one of the highest paid athletes in the world. According to celebnetworth. org Rafa has sponsorships with, â€Å" Kia motors, Babolat, Nike, Bacardi, Richard M ille, and Armani. † His Nike endorsement is worth 21 million per year. With all of these endorsements and his career earnings, Nadal is at a net worth of around 60 million dollars per year making him the 16th ranked highest paid athletes. This puts him on the list of names along with Michael Phelps, Lebron James, Alex Rodriguez, and other highly paid athletes. In 2012 he has already gained 26 million in endorsements and 34 million in annual earnings. Transition:This takes us to our conclusion. Conclusion: A. ) We’ve been over Rafael’s childhood, his achievements, and his earnings. By doing this we see how much he means to the game of tennis. He was one of the youngest players ever to win a Grand Slam, and is endorsed by names like Nike, Babolat, and Armani, which only endorse the best athletes. B. ) He is currently the 16th highest paid athlete and the future looks bright for Nadal. At a current age of only 23, Nadal has a chance to become one of the greatest of all times, and at the pace he’s going he has a great opportunity to beat Federer’s record holding 17 Grand Slams.

Narrative Speech

I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction A. â€Å"Innocence is bliss† as they say. B.   This day I will open to all of you the chapter of my life that is called early childhood. C.   I will reiterate the story of my childhood days, when life is simpler and carefree. II  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   My life as a young boy was a happy and satisfied chapter 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My cousins were my playmates and we’d play along in our backyard. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My parents gave me all the things that I needed the most; shelter, love and care. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although I was pampered, I was not a spoiled child; my parents briefed me with the good morals even as a child. Transition: Now that I have told you about my earlier days, I will now tell you my early school days. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The thought of going to school was my biggest dilemma then. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My first day in school was a mess, I was nervous then because I don’t know what to do. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To gain new friends, I befriended my classmates. We got along well at school and even outside the school. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although my friends are not perfect I have loved them for what they are. III  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today I have talked about my childhood days 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I talked about my early days when I was still a child; merely a toddler. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, I told the story of my early education experiences. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although things are not perfect I still enjoyed those early childhood days. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So whenever you hear me saying â€Å"innocence is bliss† you would know that childhood days are the most significant chapter of my life because I had the freedom and I was carefree then. Works Cited